Traffic air emission inventory and measures to reduce air pollution in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Quoc Bang Ho,a✽ Hoang Ngoc Khue Vu,a Thoai Tam Nguyen,a Thi Thuy Hang Nguyen,a
a Institute of Environment and Resources, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
J. Urb. Env., Volume 1, Issue 1, pp. 29-38 (2020) Available online March 30th 2020
Abstract
Together with the urbanization, industrial activities are increasing and transportation system is being rapidly developing. In 2017, the population of Ho Chi Min city (HCMC) is over 8.6 million. The city has 8 million vehicles including 637,323 automobiles and more than 7,339,522 motorcycles. Up to now, the city has a total of 2708 factories generating air emissions (including 3 processing zones (EPZs) and 16 industrial parks (IPs), with thousands of factories outside the IPs / EPZs), resulting in an increase in emissions from these activities and affecting the air quality of the city. Therefore, in this study (i) collect air emission data, evaluate and calculate of air emissions by applying EMISENS emission calculation models and survey and traffic counting methods; (ii) Develop clean air action plan and climate change mitigation for Ho Chi Minh City. The results showed that on-road activities are the major contributor, accounting for 88% of NOx, 99% of CO, 79% of SO2, 99% of NMVOC, 88% of PM in total emissions from transportation activities. Key finding in this study is that harbour activities contribute up to 20% of total SOx and 10% of total PM. Other sources (airport, harbour, bus station, rail way) only accounting for negligible amount of emissions. Emission maps showed that emissions in harbours and in central areas of the city as District 1, district 10, district 3 and district 5 are higher than the other districts. This study has also developed 13 measures to effectively manage air quality and reduce GHG in Ho Chi Minh City.